Brasil tem 35 milhões de pessoas sem água tratada e 100 milhões sem coleta de esgoto
Notas&Informações, O Estado de S.Paulo
O saneamento é o setor que expõe mais dramaticamente as contradições sintetizadas na fórmula popular “Belíndia” – o país quimérico com leis e impostos da pequena e rica Bélgica e com a realidade social da imensa e pobre Índia. Ao apresentar a última edição do Ranking do Saneamento, o presidente do Instituto Trata Brasil, Édison Carlos, advertiu: “Vimos com preocupação que os municípios mais bem colocados se mantêm entre os que mais investem, enquanto as cidades que mais precisam evoluir persistem com baixos investimentos em água e esgotos. Se nada mudar, ampliaremos a noção de termos dois ‘Brasis’: o dos com e o dos sem saneamento”.
O Ranking confirma que o País mantém quase 35 milhões de brasileiros sem serviços de água tratada e 100 milhões sem coleta de esgoto. O Brasil despeja a cada dia 5,3 mil piscinas olímpicas de esgoto em suas águas. O quadro é chocante. Entre 2012 e 2019, a população com acesso à água, por exemplo, evoluiu apenas 1 ponto porcentual (de 82,7% para 83,7%).
Há ainda as desigualdades regionais. Norte e Nordeste não têm nenhum município entre os 20 melhores e têm 11 entre os 20 piores.
Em relação ao fornecimento de água, a média dos 20 melhores municípios é de 99,4%, enquanto para os 20 piores é de 76,9%. No indicador de esgoto, a média dos melhores é de 54,1%; dos piores, 25,6%. Nas perdas de faturamento, os melhores têm uma média de 24,9%; os piores, 58,6%. Quanto às perdas na distribuição, a média dos melhores já é alta para os padrões internacionais, 30%, mas a dos piores é de 52,3%. Em relação às piores cidades, as melhores têm um desempenho 70,4% superior na coleta de esgoto e 67,1% superior no tratamento.
O Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico estima a necessidade de um investimento anual de R$ 113,30 per capita pelos próximos 15 anos para atingir a universalização dos serviços. Mas, entre 2015 e 2019, as piores cidades investiram R$ 31,45 (72% abaixo da meta).
Entre 2014 e 2018, o Sudeste, a região que tem a melhor cobertura, respondeu por 54,6% dos investimentos, enquanto Nordeste e Norte, as mais carentes, responderam, respectivamente, por 17,3% e 3,7%. O instituto estima que 24 das 27 unidades da Federação precisarão ampliar investimentos para atingir a meta de universalização em 2033, estabelecida pelo Novo Marco do Saneamento no ano passado.
Ao abrir o mercado à livre concorrência, incentivar a prestação regionalizada dos serviços e racionalizar o quadro regulatório, o Novo Marco cria condições para que os investimentos cresçam em média 4,1 vezes, segundo estimativas do Trata Brasil.
Mas, para que essa janela de oportunidades seja definitivamente aberta, falta consumar o quadro regulatório infralegal. Uma pesquisa feita pelo instituto com as agências reguladoras do setor estimou os principais desafios a serem vencidos nos próximos dois anos pela Agência Nacional de Águas no estabelecimento das normas de referência.
Entre os desafios considerados “extremamente relevantes” destacaram-se a autonomia financeira, a autonomia administrativa e o quadro de pessoal. Em relação a este último ponto, mais da metade dos servidores das agências não é concursada, o que é visto como principal motivo da alta rotatividade, dificultando a transferência e retenção do conhecimento de regulação e a continuidade das atividades regulatórias.
Há ainda uma preocupação acentuada com a “interferência política”. “Interferências desse tipo comprometem a finalidade e aumentam a percepção de risco ao investidor, afugentando investimentos essenciais para a universalização”, advertiu Édison Carlos.
O saneamento é possivelmente o setor de infraestrutura com maior perspectiva de investimento e potencial para ajudar na retomada econômica do País. Há uma evidente demanda reprimida. Se o trabalho regulatório for bem feito, o Brasil tem todas as condições para universalizar o saneamento básico. Garantir a fonte primordial de toda vida – a água – e as condições básicas de higiene – o esgoto – é o primeiro e mais importante passo para superar as contradições da “Belíndia”.
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