Por
José Pio Martins – Gazeta do Povo
Imagine uma família com 10 membros vive isolada do mundo em uma propriedade agrícola à beira de um rio, e ali eles produzem o que necessitam para viver. Admita que cinco membros trabalham na propriedade e os demais não estão em idade de trabalhar. O padrão de vida da família será aquele propiciado pela produção dos cinco que trabalham. Se toda produção for dividida em partes iguais, o padrão de vida de cada um será a produção total dividida por 10.
Essa divisão resulta no que chamamos de produto per capita, produto por habitante ou produto por pessoa, expressões que querem dizer a mesma coisa. Ali a divisão é física, não há mercado, logo, não há sistema de preços nem moeda para intermediar trocas. Vendo por outro ângulo, o padrão de vida depende da produtividade, que é a produção anual dividida pelo número anual de horas trabalhadas. Produtividade é apenas isso: o produto nacional dividido pelas horas trabalhadas por todos para a obtenção desse produto.
Um dia, alguém diz: “sugiro vender 10% de nossa produção para outra comunidade e comprar um trator agrícola, para produzirmos mais por hora trabalhada”. Um economista perguntaria: vocês estão dispostos a consumir 10% menos no ano em que venderem 10% da produção? Para obter o trator (investimento), o consumo terá de ser reduzido, pois a produção total é a mesma e 10% dela terá de ser vendida. Em se tratando de apenas uma família isolada do mundo, a coisa parece óbvia.
Mas, pegue uma nação de 213 milhões de habitantes (número dado pelo IBGE em maio/2021), da qual 106 milhões compõem a população em condições de trabalhar, cujo produto nacional é composto de milhões de itens de produtos, desde um pé de alface até um avião, passando por milhares de tipos de serviços pessoais. Com a divisão do trabalho, os produtos (bens e serviços) são trocados no mercado com a moeda que cada um recebe por sua participação no processo produtivo.
Naquela família isolada do mundo, os cinco trabalhadores e o trator representam o capital humano e o capital físico. Em um país de milhões, a realidade é muito mais complexa, mas os princípios básicos são similares. Por exemplo, como é construído o capital físico de uma nação capitalista? Os empreendedores contratam pessoas, compram capital físico (fabricado por membros da mesma sociedade), produzem e vendem.
O produto total da nação do ano é dividido em bens e serviços de consumo e bens de capital. Assim como aquela família consumiu 10% menos que o produto total no ano em que vendeu 10% da produção para comprar o trator, uma sociedade consume no ano o produto nacional menos os bens de capital (prédios, máquinas, equipamentos, veículos, ferramentas, residências etc.).
O capital físico se incorpora à estrutura produtiva para aumentar o produto nacional dos anos seguintes. A macroeconomia é um conjunto de teorias, conceitos e cálculos destinados a entender o processo de produzir, distribuir, fazer circular, consumir, poupar, acumular capital e atender às múltiplas e ilimitadas necessidades com os recursos escassos, sob um sistema de trocas (o mercado) e um mecanismo de preços, intermediados por um instrumento de troca: a moeda nacional.
Quem comprará os bens de capital físico e com que dinheiro? São as empresas (com o lucro que elas obtêm) e o governo (com o tributo que retira da sociedade). Parte das horas trabalhadas pela nação é dedicada a produzir de bens de capital e o lucro em geral é usado para as empresas e o governo fazerem investimento. Parte ínfima do lucro é levada para casa pelo empresário para seu consumo, mesmo porque o dono da empresa também tem um salário por seu trabalho (chamado retirada pró-labore).
Leia mais em: https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/opiniao/artigos/a-funcao-do-lucro/
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