Por
Thaméa Danelon
Prescrição livrou o ex-ministro José Dirceu de punição por formação de quadrilha no mensalão: morosidade da Justiça alimenta sensação de impunidade.| Foto: Marcelo Camargo/Agência Brasil
Todo brasileiro sabe que a nossa Justiça caminha a passos de tartaruga e, por conta disso, muitos processos se arrastam por mais de 10, 20 anos. Principalmente na área criminal, essa demora é causada por diversas brechas previstas na lei, e essas arestas tornam o nosso sistema disfuncional, pois Justiça tardia não é Justiça. Os serviços públicos de um modo geral devem ser prestados de forma eficiente, sendo atendidas pelo Estado as principais demandas da sociedade e, principalmente, aquelas que somente o poder público pode prestar, que seria, por exemplo, a segurança pública e a prestação da Justiça.
Assim, o serviço de “dar a cada um o que é seu” — que é o significado da palavra Justiça — deveria ser prestado ao cidadão de uma forma eficiente e célere, de modo a resolver os conflitos em prazo razoável, seja absolvendo o inocente e o encaminhando para casa, ou condenando o culpado e o remetendo à prisão.
Um dos pontos que colabora com essa lentidão judicial é a existência de quatro instâncias de julgamento, ou seja, quatro degraus da Justiça que podem analisar o mesmo processo. O primeiro degrau se refere ao juiz da causa, que é o magistrado de primeira instância; o segundo é o Tribunal, composto por outros três desembargadores; a terceira instância se traduz no STJ, o Superior Tribunal de Justiça; e o quarto e último degrau, o Supremo Tribunal Federal.
O Brasil é o único país no mundo que possui quatro degraus de julgamento. Nos demais países desenvolvidos, existem apenas a primeira e a segunda instância, e, por último, a Suprema Corte do país, que apenas se debruça nas questões estritamente constitucionais.
Como nossa Constituição é extremamente extensa, e há a previsão de inúmeros assuntos, fatalmente uma grande quantidade de ações chega ao STF, tais como o roubo de duas galinhas que foi julgado em 2014; e também qual time de futebol seria o campeão brasileiro de 1987, e esse julgamento ocorreu em 2017, trinta anos após a realização do campeonato. Fazendo um paralelo com a Suprema Corte Americana, esta julga, em média, 100 casos por ano; já o nosso STF têm o número descomunal de quase 100 mil casos para serem julgados.
Um outro instituto que colabora com a lentidão da Justiça é a prescrição, que resulta em um cancelamento do processo após o decurso do tempo. Assim, quanto mais demorada for uma ação na Justiça, mais vantagens um criminoso terá, pois ocorrendo a prescrição, o autor de um ilícito não poderá mais ser processado, nem condenado e nem preso.
Muitos réus se valem dos inúmeros recursos previstos na nossa lei e Constituição simplesmente para procrastinar um processo, almejando o advento da prescrição. Como exemplo, cito o caso do ex-senador Luiz Estevão, réu em um processo criminal por desvios milionários nas obras do famoso TRT (Tribunal Regional do Trabalho). Ao longo do processo, ele interpôs mais de 35 recursos.
A existência do foro privilegiado também torna esse quadro mais dramático. Mais de 55 mil pessoas têm esse benefício, e, infelizmente, diversos parlamentares estão envolvidos em práticas ilícitas. Como eles possuem foro privilegiado perante o STF, suas investigações e processos se arrastam por anos, diante do expressivo número de ações que esta Corte possui, resultando, fatalmente, na prescrição de vários casos, como os de José Sarney, Jader Barbalho, Fernando Collor, e José Serra, dentre outros. No caso do mensalão, o crime de formação de quadrilha praticado por José Dirceu também foi alcançado pela prescrição.
Para solucionar esses problemas da lentidão da Justiça, podemos mencionar a PEC 333/2017, que diminui drasticamente o número de pessoas com foro privilegiado, e a PEC 199/2019, que versa sobre a prisão em segunda instância. Essa PEC também antecipa o trânsito em julgado para o segundo degrau da Justiça, ou seja, para a decisão da segunda instância, sendo possível, assim, iniciar a execução dessas sentenças, ou seja, já as colocando em prática, tanto na área criminal — que resultaria na prisão dos condenados — como na área cível, possibilitando que demandas patrimoniais já fossem resolvidas.
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