Universidades federais gastam quase 90% em salários. Qual é a melhor saída para sanear contas?
Por
Gabriel de Arruda Castro, especial para a Gazeta do Povo
UFRJ é uma das universidades com situação financeira insustentável| Foto: Divulgação/UFRJ
Quando o ministro da Educação, Milton Ribeiro, for ouvido pela Comissão de Educação da Câmara dos Deputados, nesta quarta-feira (9), ele deve ser cobrado pelos parlamentares sobre o veto a R$ 2,2 bilhões no orçamento aprovado pelo Congresso para a pasta, além do congelamento, mesmo que temporário, de outros R$ 2,7 bilhões. Na semana passada, o ministro da Economia, Paulo Guedes, foi quem se sentou diante da comissão para falar do mesmo assunto. Mas o debate sobre o orçamento de 2021 tem como pano de fundo um problema mais profundo e que raramente recebe a atenção devida: a insustentabilidade econômica de grande parte das universidades federais.
Os contingenciamentos no orçamento, embora tenham se tornado mais severos, não são exclusividade do governo Bolsonaro. Nos últimos anos, essa foi uma rotina também nos governos de Dilma Rousseff (PT) e Michel Temer (MDB). Mas o aperto financeiro tem aumentado, e a margem de manobra se reduziu com a aprovação do teto de gastos, em 2016.
A raiz do problema foi o inchaço das instituições de ensino superior durante as gestões do ex-presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT). Embora, em tese, a expansão das universidades seja bem-vinda, a política do petista não levou em conta as consequências, no longo prazo, dessa medida. O gasto médio com a folha de pagamento das federais, que era de 80% em 2014, se aproxima rapidamente dos 90%. É o caso, por exemplo, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), que tem um orçamento anual da ordem de R$ 3,9 bilhões, muito acima de diversos municípios, de acordo com o Portal da Transparência. Lá, R$ 9 de cada R$ 10 vão para o pagamento de salários. A situação tende a piorar, e muitas instituições de ensino estão no limiar do colapso.
A explicação para a inviabilidade financeira tem a ver com um modelo que leva a um crescimento automático das despesas. Professores de carreira são aprovados por concurso, o que significa que eles não podem ser demitidos, exceto em casos de falta gravíssima. O orçamento das universidades inclui também os aposentados. Na prática, cada professor que ingressa no sistema vai ser bancado até o último dia de sua vida a não ser que peça demissão. Além disso, a progressão de carreira significa que os salários aumentam automaticamente conforme os docentes acumulam tempo no serviço público. Com isso, sobra cada vez menos para o custeio (as despesas com água e luz, por exemplo) e os investimentos (como a construção de laboratórios e recursos para pesquisa).
Em sua fala à comissão, Paulo Guedes apresentou um gráfico que demonstra o peso das despesas obrigatórias sobre o orçamento da União. “Nós estamos praticamente gastando o teto das despesas obrigatórias. De R$ 1,5 trilhão, na verdade, R$ 1,4 trilhão já estão carimbados”, disse ele, acrescentando que, por causa da indexação dos salários, o valor discricionário tem se reduzido a cada ano.
“Como existe um teto de um lado e de outro lado as despesas obrigatórias vão subindo, o espaço de atuação tanto do governo federal quanto do Congresso vão sendo comprimidos”, explicou o ministro da Economia.
Guedes afirmou que, entre 2015 e 2021, o gasto com pessoal e encargos no orçamento do MEC passou de R$ 48,7 bilhões para R$ 77,2 bilhões. Com isso, o valor de custeio e investimentos ficou sufocado. De 2003 (quando Lula assumiu a Presidência) para cá, o Ministério da Educação passou de aproximadamente 150 mil servidores para quase 300 mil. Todos os outros órgãos do governo federal, somados, ficam em pouco mais de 300 mil. Ou seja: a Educação tem quase metade de todos os servidores públicos federais.
Apesar de descrever um cenário de aperto, Paulo Guedes prometeu a liberação de R$ 900 milhões nos próximos dias e afirmou que, se a economia continuar em retomada, todo o valor bloqueado será liberado neste ano. Isso deve aliviar a situação imediata das universidades – algumas das quais têm tido dificuldades de pagar as contas de água e energia. Mas a liberação desse montante pouco fará para reverter a tendência de médio prazo: a insustentabilidade financeira das universidades federais.
Leia mais em: https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/educacao/universidades-federais-salarios-como-sanear-contas/
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