Colaboracionistas
Por
Tiago Cordeiro – Gazeta do Povo
Membros do Grupo Treze, ou Trzynastka, que atuava infiltrando espiões nos grupos judeus insurgentes, que debatiam formas de reagir à opressão nazista no Gueto de Varsóvia. Os rebeldes eram então chantageados ou agredidos| Foto: Wikimedia Commons
Político com formação em engenharia, o judeu polonês Adam Czerniaków acreditava que poderia fazer a diferença e cuidar de seu povo negociando com os nazistas. Membro do Senado da Polônia desde 1930, em 1939 ele aceitou o cargo de chefe do Conselho Judaico, o Judenrat, responsável por gerenciar as atividades do Gueto de Varsóvia.
De um lado, ele precisava acatar as orientações alemãs e implementar políticas de contenção dos insatisfeitos — posicionou-se de forma contrária às tentativas de rebelião armada, por exemplo, por acreditar que ações violentas só aumentariam a repressão.
De outro, tentava negociar melhores condições de vida, especialmente na alimentação. Afinal, eram 400 mil pessoas vivendo espremidas em uma área de apenas 3.400 metros quadrados. Algumas de suas reuniões eram filmadas, para que os alemães demonstrassem que o gueto contava com o apoio de lideranças judaicas.
Em 23 de julho de 1942, Czerniaków desistiu de continuar tentando convencer os nazistas a tratar os judeus com dignidade. Ao perceber que seria obrigado a produzir listas de pessoas que seriam enviadas para os campos de extermínio, num ritmo de 6 mil vítimas por dia, incluindo crianças, ele ingeriu uma cápsula de cianeto e se matou.
Deixou um bilhete para a esposa em que dizia: “Pediram-me para matar o meu povo e as minhas crianças com minhas próprias mãos, mas isso é algo que simplesmente não posso fazer. Tentei de tudo, mas agora só me resta morrer!” No dia seguinte, as deportações começaram.
Estima-se que 350 mil dos judeus mantidos no gueto seriam mortos antes da rendição da Alemanha na Segunda Guerra. O político polonês deixou uma coleção de diários, publicados posteriormente, e sua história foi relatada no filme Insurreição, de 2001 – seu papel foi interpretado por Donald Sutherland.
O caso de Adam Czerniaków ilustra a inviabilidade de negociar com os nazistas. Afinal, eles tinham planos claros, declarados desde a década de 1920, de exterminar os judeus da face da terra. Colocado no mesmo posto, mas na Lituânia, Jacob Gens se viu diante dos mesmos dilemas.
Adotou uma estratégia mais polêmica, que incluía sugerir a substituição de nomes incluídos nas listas de assassinatos ou deportações — nestas trocas, ele tentava salvar vidas de pessoas que consideravam mais inocentes, como crianças. Gens acabou sendo morto à bala em 1943, dias antes de o gueto ser encerrado e a maioria de seus moradores enviados a campos de extermínio. Não teve a chance de ver a concretização de seu maior sonho: a reinstalação de um estado autônomo de Israel.
Mas nem todos os judeus que tentaram se relacionar, de alguma forma, com os alemães tinham as boas intenções de Czerniaków ou de Gens. Aliás, em suas origens, o Partido Nazista contou com o apoio da Associação dos Nacional-Judeus Alemães, fundada em 1921 por um antissemita de origem judaica chamado Max Naumann. Ele dirigiu o grupo até 1926, e novamente entre 1933 e 1935, quando o governo de Adolf Hitler proibiu a existência da instituição.
Naumann, que defendia a aniquilação dos judeus do Leste Europeu e a incorporação dos judeus alemães ao ideário nazista, chegou a ser preso pela polícia alemã, numa época em que ele defendia, em artigos na imprensa, que os judeus eram bem tratados na Alemanha.
Apoio ao opressor
Muitos outros colaboracionistas apoiaram o regime nazista. Judeus que trabalhassem em hospitais e fábricas alemãs foram os últimos a seguir para campos de extermínio. Por alguns anos, os membros da Polícia Judaica do Guetos, uma organização paramilitar mantida pelos nazistas para reforçar a repressão sem utilizar soldados alemães que podiam ser enviados para o esforço de guerra, contaram com uma série de privilégios, para si e para suas famílias.
Nos campos de extermínio, a mesma estratégia de reduzir a necessidade de homens alemães foi utilizada com sucesso. Os guardas convocados entre os presos, inclusive judeus, eram chamados de kapos. Contavam com alimentação melhor, assim como quartos um pouco mais espaçosos, e escapavam dos maus tratos. Esses guardas utilizavam uma braçadeira ou um crachá. Em geral, não tinham direito a porte de arma.
Depois da Segunda Guerra, muitos dos guardas de campo de concentração teriam dificuldades em ser aceitos pela comunidade judaica. Foi o caso da ativista comunista polonesa Eliezer Gruenbaum, que lutou na Guerra Civil Espanhola, foi presa por suas atividades políticas e atuou como kapo em Auschwitz. Acusada de colaborar com os nazistas, ela se defenderia alegando que a própria comunidade preferia que os guardas fossem judeus, uma forma de tentar reduzir os episódios de violência.
Outros colaboracionistas agiam de forma extraoficial. O chamado Grupo Treze, ou Trzynastka, atuou infiltrando espiões nos grupos insurgentes, que debatiam formas de reagir à opressão nazista no Gueto de Varsóvia. Os rebeldes eram então chantageados ou agredidos.
Liderado pelo judeu Abraham Gancwajch, o grupo ainda mantinha um bordel dentro do gueto. Funcionar como uma polícia secreta de apoio aos nazistas não ajudou muitos desses colaboradores, que acabariam executados em algum momento. Gancwajch fundaria ainda um outro grupo, o Żagiew, que chegou a manter mais de mil judeus que atuavam como espiões a serviço da Gestapo, a polícia secreta nazista.
Espiã freelancer
Outros judeus buscariam proteção em meio à Alemanha nazista agindo sozinhos. Stella Goldschlag, por exemplo, alcançou espaço entre as lideranças do partido com seu esforço individual de investigar e denunciar judeus que tentavam se esconder da perseguição.
Sua família de classe média havia sido vítima de perseguição. O pai, Gerhard Goldschlag, perderia o emprego por ser judeu, e em 1938 tentaria, sem sucesso, tirar a esposa e os filhos da Alemanha. Submetida a trabalhos forçados em uma fábrica, em 1942 Stella conseguiu forjar documentos para omitir sua origem judaica. Loira e de olhos azuis, tentou se passar por ariana.
Não deu certo, e ela acabou presa em 1943, junto dos pais. Torturada e ameaçada de ver os pais serem assassinados, ela concordou em atuar como espiã. Começou a circular em Berlim, dizendo que havia escapado dos nazistas, e então passou a se encontrar com amigos judeus.
As informações que coletava eram fornecidas à Gestapo, que também comunicava pistas de pessoas para que ela investigasse, aproveitando de seu acesso à comunidade judaica. Estima-se que a jovem provocou algo entre 600 e 3 mil prisões de judeus.
A promessa feita pelos nazistas, de que sua família seria poupada caso ela colaborasse, não foi cumprida. Os pais foram levados ao campo de Theresienstadt, e dali para Auschwitz, onde morreram.
Seu marido e toda a família também seriam enviados a Auschwitz. Stella continuaria colaborando com a Gestapo até março de 1945. E casaria-se uma segunda vez, também com um judeu colaborador dos nazistas, Rolf Isaaksohn. Cometeria suicídio em 1994, lançando-se da janela de seu apartamento em Freiburg.
Leia mais em: https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/ideias/a-triste-historia-dos-judeus-que-colaboraram-com-o-nazismo/
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