Por
Gazeta do Povo
Os políticos deveriam ser os primeiros a ter consciência da importância da Reforma Tributária. Imagem ilustrativa.| Foto: Marcelo Andrade/Gazeta do Povo/Arquivo
Entre as leis científicas da Economia, há duas que são ao mesmo tempo elementares e fundamentais para o crescimento econômico e a melhoria social. Uma é que o único caminho para o progresso é o aumento da produção de riqueza. Dizendo de outro modo, o produto nacional tem de crescer mais que a população, a fim de atingir um produto por habitante (que é igual à renda per capita, pois produto e renda são os dois lados da mesma moeda) suficiente para vencer o subdesenvolvimento. A segunda é que o crescimento do produto depende, entre outros, do tamanho do capital físico, e esse capital somente cresce conforme o tamanho do investimento nacional.
Em macroeconomia, investimento significa aumento do estoque de capital (infraestrutura física, infraestrutura empresarial e infraestrutura social), cuja magnitude se mede pela parte (percentual) do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) composta de bens de capital (a outra parte são os bens e serviços de consumo).
O investimento é resultado da ação de empreendedores, sejam novos ou os que já têm suas empresas. Em termos gerais, quem faz investimento são as empresas e o governo, sob a decisão de quem os comanda. As pessoas físicas praticamente fazem um só tipo de investimento: imóveis (residências, salas comerciais e prédios diversos), seja para morar ou para locar. Se alguém tem poupanças financeiras e resolve investir em um imóvel e nele construir um prédio, comprar equipamentos e montar uma unidade produtiva de um bem e serviço, a lei obriga que essa unidade se constitua como empresa, da qual esse alguém, pessoa física, é o dono. Nesse caso, a empresa é quem faz os investimentos e, dela, o proprietário é titular das quotas de capital ou ações. Não há que confundir investimento com aplicações financeiras. Embora seja comum falar-se de investimentos pessoais e investimentos financeiros, estes significam aplicação de recursos em ativos financeiros, que são usados por alguma pessoa jurídica com o fim de investir em atividade produtiva e remunerar o aplicador (poupador) dos recursos.
O governo também investe em aumento do capital físico construindo rodovias, ferrovias, portos, aeroportos, hospitais, escolas e diversos equipamentos urbanos. Porém, o governo não é o gerador da riqueza (no sentido de produto) de onde ele tira os recursos para investir. O governo age como um síndico que retira (de forma impositiva) recursos das pessoas e das empresas com os quais paga seus investimentos. Assim, também a capacidade do governo de investir e prestar serviços públicos depende do tamanho do produto feito pelo sistema produtivo privado, pois a carga tributária é sempre um pedaço da riqueza gerada pelas pessoas e pelas empresas.
Diante disso, a principal atividade para o progresso material, representado pelo crescimento expressivo do produto do país, é o investimento, logo, é o empreendedorismo. Assim, a figura do empreendedor deveria ser objeto de cultivo, respeito, cortejo e, sobretudo, estímulo. A cada lei, cada medida e cada política pública, os políticos e os governantes deveriam antes de tudo se perguntar o que sua ação estatal está fazendo para estimular a ação do empreendedor, logo, o investimento e o crescimento nacional.
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É preciso bater na tecla de que o empreendedor somente se atira na ação de empreender, arriscar e correr perigos mercadológicos e legais se ele concluir que a chance de sua ação empreendedora dar certo é superior à chance de fracassar. No caso do empreendedor estrangeiro, a situação é mais grave, pois esse somente investe em um país que lhe inspire confiança em termos de estabilidade política, estabilidade econômica, regras claras e liberdade de mercado, aí incluído o livre movimento internacional de capitais financeiros.
As ideias, as palavras, as propostas, os projetos de lei, as leis aprovadas e o sistema tributário servem para estimular a ação empreendedora ou para inibir e afugentar os empreendedores. O investidor não é um aventureiro que se lança a um projeto sem analisar e pesar todas as opções, perspectivas de sucesso, perigos de mercado e ambiente jurídico. Atualmente, uma reforma tributária está sendo debatida no Congresso Nacional a partir de propostas gestadas no Poder Executivo. As propostas, mesmo antes de serem aprovadas, têm o poder de estimular ou paralisar as decisões de investimentos. O vai-e-vem de alterações, emendas e insinuações no parlamento, de certa forma interrompe milhões de decisões de investimento, ainda que temporariamente, à espera de definições e transformação em lei, sobretudo quando se acena com aumento de tributos.
As mudanças na tributação, pelo enorme impacto que elas têm nos investimentos e no crescimento do produto nacional, deveriam ser planejadas, debatidas e votadas num prazo tão curto quanto possível, pois essa eterna e constante ameaça de mudanças, que nunca saem, desencoraja o espírito empreendedor e leva ao engavetamento de muitas ideias e projetos. Os políticos deveriam ser os primeiros a ter consciência disso.
Leia mais em: https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/opiniao/editoriais/a-reforma-tributaria-e-a-inibicao-ao-empreendedorismo/
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