Por
Gazeta do Povo

Dinheiro / Real – 25-05-2017 – O Real é a moeda corrente oficial da República Federativa do Brasil. A cédula de um real deixou de ser produzida, entretanto continua em circulação alguns exemplares. As demais cédulas de real continuaram sendo produzidas normalmente pela Casa da Moeda. Entre elas, as notas de: 2,5,10,20,50 e 100.

Os políticos deveriam ser os primeiros a ter consciência da importância da Reforma Tributária. Imagem ilustrativa.| Foto: Marcelo Andrade/Gazeta do Povo/Arquivo

Entre as leis científicas da Economia, há duas que são ao mesmo tempo elementares e fundamentais para o crescimento econômico e a melhoria social. Uma é que o único caminho para o progresso é o aumento da produção de riqueza. Dizendo de outro modo, o produto nacional tem de crescer mais que a população, a fim de atingir um produto por habitante (que é igual à renda per capita, pois produto e renda são os dois lados da mesma moeda) suficiente para vencer o subdesenvolvimento. A segunda é que o crescimento do produto depende, entre outros, do tamanho do capital físico, e esse capital somente cresce conforme o tamanho do investimento nacional.

Em macroeconomia, investimento significa aumento do estoque de capital (infraestrutura física, infraestrutura empresarial e infraestrutura social), cuja magnitude se mede pela parte (percentual) do Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) composta de bens de capital (a outra parte são os bens e serviços de consumo).

O investimento é resultado da ação de empreendedores, sejam novos ou os que já têm suas empresas. Em termos gerais, quem faz investimento são as empresas e o governo, sob a decisão de quem os comanda. As pessoas físicas praticamente fazem um só tipo de investimento: imóveis (residências, salas comerciais e prédios diversos), seja para morar ou para locar. Se alguém tem poupanças financeiras e resolve investir em um imóvel e nele construir um prédio, comprar equipamentos e montar uma unidade produtiva de um bem e serviço, a lei obriga que essa unidade se constitua como empresa, da qual esse alguém, pessoa física, é o dono. Nesse caso, a empresa é quem faz os investimentos e, dela, o proprietário é titular das quotas de capital ou ações. Não há que confundir investimento com aplicações financeiras. Embora seja comum falar-se de investimentos pessoais e investimentos financeiros, estes significam aplicação de recursos em ativos financeiros, que são usados por alguma pessoa jurídica com o fim de investir em atividade produtiva e remunerar o aplicador (poupador) dos recursos.

O governo também investe em aumento do capital físico construindo rodovias, ferrovias, portos, aeroportos, hospitais, escolas e diversos equipamentos urbanos. Porém, o governo não é o gerador da riqueza (no sentido de produto) de onde ele tira os recursos para investir. O governo age como um síndico que retira (de forma impositiva) recursos das pessoas e das empresas com os quais paga seus investimentos. Assim, também a capacidade do governo de investir e prestar serviços públicos depende do tamanho do produto feito pelo sistema produtivo privado, pois a carga tributária é sempre um pedaço da riqueza gerada pelas pessoas e pelas empresas.

Diante disso, a principal atividade para o progresso material, representado pelo crescimento expressivo do produto do país, é o investimento, logo, é o empreendedorismo. Assim, a figura do empreendedor deveria ser objeto de cultivo, respeito, cortejo e, sobretudo, estímulo. A cada lei, cada medida e cada política pública, os políticos e os governantes deveriam antes de tudo se perguntar o que sua ação estatal está fazendo para estimular a ação do empreendedor, logo, o investimento e o crescimento nacional.

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É preciso bater na tecla de que o empreendedor somente se atira na ação de empreender, arriscar e correr perigos mercadológicos e legais se ele concluir que a chance de sua ação empreendedora dar certo é superior à chance de fracassar. No caso do empreendedor estrangeiro, a situação é mais grave, pois esse somente investe em um país que lhe inspire confiança em termos de estabilidade política, estabilidade econômica, regras claras e liberdade de mercado, aí incluído o livre movimento internacional de capitais financeiros.

As ideias, as palavras, as propostas, os projetos de lei, as leis aprovadas e o sistema tributário servem para estimular a ação empreendedora ou para inibir e afugentar os empreendedores. O investidor não é um aventureiro que se lança a um projeto sem analisar e pesar todas as opções, perspectivas de sucesso, perigos de mercado e ambiente jurídico. Atualmente, uma reforma tributária está sendo debatida no Congresso Nacional a partir de propostas gestadas no Poder Executivo. As propostas, mesmo antes de serem aprovadas, têm o poder de estimular ou paralisar as decisões de investimentos. O vai-e-vem de alterações, emendas e insinuações no parlamento, de certa forma interrompe milhões de decisões de investimento, ainda que temporariamente, à espera de definições e transformação em lei, sobretudo quando se acena com aumento de tributos.

As mudanças na tributação, pelo enorme impacto que elas têm nos investimentos e no crescimento do produto nacional, deveriam ser planejadas, debatidas e votadas num prazo tão curto quanto possível, pois essa eterna e constante ameaça de mudanças, que nunca saem, desencoraja o espírito empreendedor e leva ao engavetamento de muitas ideias e projetos. Os políticos deveriam ser os primeiros a ter consciência disso.


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