Artigo
Por
Fernando Razente – Gazeta do Povo
| Foto: Tumisu/Pixabay
“É necessário bom senso para saber quando um preconceito deve ou não ser abandonado.” Theodore Dalrymple, médico psiquiatra e escritor britânico.
Muitos debates terminam mal (ou nunca terminam), porque partem de premissas obscuras, com termos sem definições claras entre aqueles que discutem. Por isso, o primeiro passo para qualquer discussão saudável no âmbito da disputa retórica é a definição dos conceitos para, em seguida, desenvolver a argumentação.
O que é um conceito e qual a sua importância? José D’Assunção Barros, professor de Teoria e Metodologia, escreve que “[…] os conceitos correspondem a noções gerais que definem classes de objetos e de fenômenos dados ou construídos, e que sintetizam o aspecto essencial ou as características existentes entre estes objetos.”
Ou seja, conceito é uma ideia ou noção construída por nós para expressar alguma realidade; é uma forma de representação que ocorre através da abstração de um aspecto. E qual a finalidade do conceito? Ora, ele deve ser entendido como uma formulação abstrata e geral, ou ao menos passível de generalização, que o indivíduo pensante utiliza para tornar alguma coisa inteligível em seus aspectos essenciais, para si mesmo e para outros.
Portanto, para discutirmos nosso assunto de hoje, iremos primeiro precisar definir esse assunto. Meu assunto hoje é o preconceito. Esse termo tem sofrido nas mãos de muitos acadêmicos, à semelhança de certo homem que descia de Jerusalém para Jericó, e caiu em mãos de salteadores, que depois de tudo lhe roubarem e causarem ferimentos, se foram, deixando-o semimorto. Este é o estado dessa palavra em nossos dias: tão mal compreendida, interpretada, usada e aplicada, que já nem parece mais o que era quando veio a existir. Mas é preciso resgatá-la.
Segundo alguns gramáticos e linguistas, o sentido pejorativo normalmente atribuído ao preconceito não aparece em sua origem etimológica nem em português nem em francês. A noção que temos hoje de preconceito é, na verdade, imbuída de ressignificações políticas e ideológicas que, na falta de um termo mais adequado, abusaram do termo em questão. Precisamos voltar à definição original do termo.
Resumidamente, basta que entendamos que a etimologia fornecida é baseada na análise de alguns dicionários que revelam a relação dos sentidos dessa palavra da língua portuguesa normatizada com outras duas palavras de uma língua oficial de outro espaço de enunciação, o francês.
Enquanto que na língua portuguesa, os sentidos ficam condensados em uma única palavra, o preconceito em francês se divide em duas palavras de radicais diferentes: préjugé e préconçu. As duas dão o sentido, ou de um julgamento crítico ou o sentido de um julgamento antecipado, à palavra preconceito que usamos em português através da etimologia francesa. O interessante é que nas duas há uma falta de sentido pejorativo. Todavia, ao sairmos do lugar da língua normatizada pelos dicionários e passamos para o seu funcionamento em um texto popular, como o “A evolução do povo Brasileiro” de Oliveira Viana, observamos que logo as duas primeiras reescrituras de preconceito atribuem à palavra o sentido pejorativo por ser reescrita por erro. “Vemos, então, a oposição entre o discurso do senso comum e da ciência mas, nesse caso, a reescritura erro atribui o sentido pejorativo que faltava antes”, comenta a Professora Carolina de Paula Machado, em seu artigo “Os sentidos da palavra preconceito na produção do conhecimento das ciências sociais”.
Atualmente, preconceito, na concepção popular, é necessariamente sinônimo de erro e até mesmo de imoralidade. Muitos associam o preconceito com atos de machismo, homofobia, cristofobia, entre outros, mas poucos percebem que o termo se trata de uma expressão das nossas limitações cognitivas e que estabelece a forma da construção do conhecimento em qualquer área.O preconceito, corretamente compreendido, é fundamental no nosso processo cognitivo, e todos nós fazemos uso dele no processo de aprendizagem.
O processo de conhecimento do ser humano é mediado, conforme defendeu Abraham Kuyper em seu Sabedoria e Prodígios. Por isso, nossa investigação do mundo é processual e cheia de falhas, de testes, de hipóteses e ilações; e o preconceito está presente nesses processos, como apreensões prévias da natureza da realidade do nosso mundo. Não somente está presente no âmbito acadêmico e intelectual, mas nossa sobrevivência no dia a dia desenvolve-se sobre e através de muitas coisas não compreendidas por nós e muitas que nem nos damos conta que acreditamos, o que chamamos de pressuposições ou preconceitos.
Portanto, precisamos do preconceito para muitas coisas. É impossível não ter preconceito, e é benéfico tê-lo. Contudo, lembro que é importante compreendê-lo apenas como um degrau rumo ao conhecimento objetivo e claro da realidade. Minha pretensão não é fazer uma apologia da continuidade do preconceito, devemos avançar rumo a conceitualização precisa das coisas.
O mito da caverna tecnológica
Eu apenas queria chamar a atenção – a partir de uma abordagem etimológica do assunto – para a arrogância daqueles que se dizem imunes de preconceitos ou daqueles que acreditam que suas conceitualizações bem elaboradas e acadêmicas são sinônimos de realidade objetiva; aqueles que estão sempre prontos a combater as “ideias pré-estabelecidas”, mas nem percebem que estão cheios delas; aqueles que pretendem se colocar num lugar incomum, não-convencional, mas que apenas fazem o que é de pior na convencionalidade pública e popular: compreender preconceito como erro.
“O preconceito”, disse alguém, “é como nosso tutor quando somos jovens intelectualmente”. Não podemos caminhar uma jornada intelectual sem eles, nem desprezá-los com presunção; mas, também não devemos usá-los como uma forma de nos distanciarmos da maturidade do pensamento.
Fernando Razende é pesquisador em História, atuante com rádio/comunicação, assessoria e mídia; escritor de artigos de opinião e matérias jornalísticas.
Leia mais em: https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/opiniao/artigos/o-preconceito-como-precondicao-do-aprendizado/
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