Congresso
Por
Olavo Soares – Gazeta do Povo
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Bolsonaro defendeu o projeto de lei em encontro com indígenas na semana passada: mineração em reservas é obsessão do presidente.| Foto: Isac Nóbrega/PR
O presidente Jair Bolsonaro defendeu, em encontro com indígenas na última quinta-feira (12), a aprovação de um projeto de lei (PL) que muda regras para o uso de terras dos povos originários. A norma abre caminho para a extração de minérios, gás e a geração de energia nas propriedades. “É a independência de vocês. É vocês fazerem dentro da terra de vocês o que o irmão fazendeiro faz na fazenda vizinha. É a liberdade. É a produção”, disse.
Um dia antes, a proposição havia sido defendida na Câmara pelo presidente da Fundação Nacional do Índio (Funai), Marcelo Xavier: “eu sou favorável ao PL 191, porque acho que pode ser a solução para áreas indígenas. O PL pode trazer uma geração de renda, possibilidade da própria atividade, desde que tudo seja feito de forma sustentável. Nós estamos em 2021, é possível o desenvolvimento da atividade mineral em terras indígenas de forma sustentável”.
O PL 191, citado por Xavier, foi enviado ao Congresso em fevereiro no ano passado diretamente pelo governo federal. A norma busca a regulamentação de dois trechos da Constituição — um sobre as regras gerais para a mineração, outro sobre o aproveitamento de terras indígenas.
Apesar de a proposta ter sido recebida pelo Congresso há mais de um ano e meio, não sofreu nenhuma tramitação efetiva desde sua chegada. Ainda aguarda a composição de uma comissão temporária para avaliá-la.
Mineração em terras indígenas provoca polarização
A exploração da mineração e outras atividades similares em terras indígenas é uma bandeira de Bolsonaro desde os tempos em que o hoje presidente era deputado e pré-candidato ao Palácio do Planalto. “Não demarcarei mais nenhum centímetro de terra indígena” foi uma frase dita diversas vezes por Bolsonaro entre 2017 e 2018.
O posicionamento de Bolsonaro é o de que a exploração das terras terá a população indígena como principal beneficiária. Na visão do presidente, as normas atuais impedem que os indígenas obtenham ganhos econômicos com seus territórios. O presidente costuma dizer que opositores a iniciativas com este perfil desejam ver os indígenas como “animais em um zoológico”, impedidos de empreender e alcançar o desenvolvimento.
O PL 191 reparte o Congresso nas fatias habituais de direita e esquerda, ou de grupos pró e contra Bolsonaro. Ou seja: os segmentos do Parlamento mais próximos do presidente são favoráveis à iniciativa, e a oposição costumeira a contesta.
Quando o projeto foi protocolado, em fevereiro do ano passado, o Psol entrou com um ofício pedindo a sua exclusão da Câmara por inconstitucionalidade. No documento, o partido alega que o projeto desrespeita direitos já adquiridos da população indígena, que não houve consulta prévia às comunidades afetadas e que a medida poderia causar danos ambientais permanentes.
Proposta vê Congresso com ânimos exaltados
As declarações de Bolsonaro e Xavier em defesa do PL 191 ocorrem em um momento em que o tema dos direitos indígenas está no foco de recentes controvérsias na Câmara. A casa pode votar ainda este mês outro projeto de lei de teor similar, o PL 490, que cria novas regras para a demarcação de terras indígenas e também abre caminho para a exploração de atividades comerciais. Tal qual ocorre com o PL 191, no PL 490 as divisões “clássicas” entre oposição e governo se manifestam.
A sessão de avaliação do PL 490 pela Comissão de Constituição, Justiça e Cidadania (CCJ) da Câmara, em junho, motivou protestos de indígenas, que foram ao Congresso. E as manifestações terminaram em confronto. Parlamentares de oposição acusaram as forças policiais de abuso.
Um dos pontos mais controversos do PL 490 é a definição do marco temporal para as terras indígenas. O texto determina que só pode ser considerada uma terra indígena um espaço que já era habitado permanentemente por índios antes de 5 de outubro de 1988, data da promulgação da atual Constituição.
O PL 490 foi originalmente apresentado em 2007, pelo então deputado Homero Pereira (PR-MT), mas a proposta atualmente em debate é um substitutivo de autoria do deputado Arthur Maia (DEM-BA). No texto, o parlamentar alega que a definição do marco temporal como sendo a data da promulgação da Constituição de 1988 tem como referência o julgamento do caso Raposa Serra do Sol, concluído pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) em 2009, que estabeleceu os limites de uma terra indígena no norte de Roraima, uma das maiores áreas do tipo em todo o país.
Leia mais em: https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/republica/bolsonaro-projeto-libera-mineracao-terras-indigenas-entenda/?utm_source=salesforce&utm_medium=emkt&utm_campaign=newsletter-bom-dia&utm_content=bom-dia?ref=link-interno-materia
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