Trata-se de uma oportunidade para refletirmos sobre o desafiador momento enfrentado pela floresta e por nossos biomas
Luiz Carlos Trabuco Cappi*, O Estado de S.Paulo
O próximo domingo, 5, Dia da Amazônia, é uma oportunidade para refletirmos sobre o desafiador momento enfrentado pela floresta e por nossos biomas. A Amazônia dispensa maiores apresentações. É o maior bioma da América do Sul, abrange nove países e, dos seus 7,4 milhões de quilômetros quadrados, 5,5 milhões são cobertos por vegetação nativa. Estão em território brasileiro 69% dessas florestas. É também a região mais rica em biodiversidade do mundo. Estima-se que apenas 15% da totalidade dessa riqueza natural seja conhecida hoje.
A floresta guarda recursos essenciais e matérias-primas para produtos que vão de medicamentos à biotecnologia.
Patrimônio valioso e delicado, ela é vital para o controle das ameaçadoras mudanças climáticas. Um hectare da mata nativa é capaz de absorver até nove toneladas de dióxido de carbono por ano. Esse gás, principal responsável pelo aquecimento global, é absorvido pela vegetação na fotossíntese. A floresta é um meio eficiente, natural e barato de combate ao efeito estufa.PUBLICIDADE
Segundo o Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia (Imazon), na Amazônia Legal, cuja área compreende nove Estados brasileiros, e nas demais áreas de vegetação natural do País foram derrubados 55 milhões de hectares de florestas entre 1990 e 2010.
Vem de longe o manejo nocivo à floresta. Quando o Marquês de Pombal (1699-1782) criou o vice-reino do Maranhão e o Grão-Pará para seu irmão, Francisco Xavier, o intuito foi extrair árvores, frutos e minérios. Entre 1758 e 1787, a nascente Companhia do Comércio exportou madeiras destinadas à construção naval no Arsenal Real de Lisboa, além de ouro e um amplo rol de produtos in natura.
O Dia da Amazônia refere-se à data em que D. Pedro II instituiu a Província da Amazônia, em 1850. O monarca criou barreiras de proteção ambiental e contra a evasão de riquezas para Portugal e Europa.
O que podemos fazer para evitar o pior para os nossos biomas? Como devemos reorganizar as atividades produtivas? Ninguém, isoladamente, tem todas as respostas.
Trata-se de um desafio multidisciplinar para governos, iniciativa privada e sociedade, que deve ser enfrentado em bases científicas e com o devido sentido de urgência.
Segundo o Painel Internacional sobre o Clima (IPCC), da ONU, com base em relatório de 200 cientistas de 66 países, a temperatura da Terra se elevará em 1,5 grau Celsius entre 2030 e 2040, uma década antes do esperado. As consequências serão extremas para o Brasil: degradação ambiental do Nordeste, mais redução da floresta amazônica, estiagens repetidas no Centro-Oeste, mais tempestades no Sul e no Sudeste.
Na semana passada, houve intensas queimadas em praticamente todos os biomas do País, resultado da seca extrema, a maior em mais 90 anos. A atual safra de café, para tomar apenas um exemplo, tem quebra prevista em 19% por causa de secas e geadas, com um milhão de sacas a menos.
Com isso, o padrão de risco das atividades econômicas ficou mais complexo. Motor do crescimento do PIB, o agronegócio tem sido afetado diretamente pela estiagem, reduzindo sua produtividade. Entre 1991 e 2020, a área de superfície de rios, lagos e outras fontes de água doce se reduziram 15,7% no País, apontando para o ressecamento do território nacional.
É interesse dos empresários do campo, e das instituições públicas e privadas de financiamento, uma política forte de segurança ambiental.
Em novembro, na Conferência do Clima (a Cop-26), em Glasgow, o Brasil estará na vitrine. O mundo espera de nós um plano realista, consistente e sério de redução das emissões de carbono. Ainda é tempo de agir.
O IPCC aponta que a reversão do aquecimento global é viável, desde que todas as nações ajam na mesma direção. O Brasil tem imensos serviços prestados ao meio ambiente e histórico de referência em ações de preservação. Cabe resgatar esse legado.
A Amazônia é nossa, e um bem da humanidade. Temos compromisso com esse patrimônio que nos protege.
*PRESIDENTE DO CONSELHO DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO DO BRADESCO. ESCREVE A CADA DUAS SEMANAS
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