Crise hídrica faz Aneel antecipar início de funcionamento de usinas e linhas de transmissão; para evitar blecaute, País precisa de oferta adicional de energia entre 4 mil e 5 mil MW – até agora, agência conseguiu 2,35 mil MW
Renée Pereira, O Estado de S.Paulo
Na corrida para evitar um racionamento nos moldes daquele de 2001, o governo federal está acelerando a entrada em operação de algumas usinas e linhas de transmissão. A Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (Aneel) tem rodado o setor para tentar antecipar o funcionamento do máximo possível de usinas e linhas de transmissão no sistema elétrico brasileiro. Em agosto e setembro, foram autorizados 2.354 megawatts (MW) de potência instalada. Para evitar um apagão, o País precisará de algo entre 4 mil e 5 mil MW de energia, além do volume previsto inicialmente.
O montante pode ser conseguido por meio da redução voluntária de consumo, que até dia 10 de setembro somava 237 MW de oferta das empresas – ou pelo aumento da oferta de energia. “Nesse sentido, a Aneel ‘tem se virado nos 30’ para conseguir elevar o volume de energia do sistema e inibir a demanda com as bandeiras tarifárias”, afirma o diretor do Centro Brasileiro de Infraestrutura (CBIE), Adriano Pires.
Na semana passada, a agência autorizou a entrada em operação da segunda maior térmica do País, com capacidade de 1,3 mil MW. A usina antecipou em cinco meses o início de funcionamento por causa da situação crítica do sistema elétrico nacional, com queda acelerada dos reservatórios das hidrelétricas. O sistema Sudeste/Centro-Oeste está com 17,79% de armazenamento.PUBLICIDADE
No mês passado, a Aneel já havia adiantado em quase um ano a operação de quatro usinas fotovoltaicas do parque Terra do Sol, localizadas no município de Oliveira dos Brejinhos, no Estado da Bahia. As usinas, de propriedade da gestora Pátria, têm capacidade para gerar 190 MW. Além disso, antecipou em 163 dias a linha de transmissão de Bom Jesus da Lapa–Janaúba–Pirapora, que possibilitará o intercâmbio de 1.300 MW de energia entre o Nordeste e o Sudeste.
Para as próximas semanas, outras usinas estão previstas para começar a funcionar. A Aneel autorizou testes de uma série de eólicas e de térmicas movidas a biomassa. Uma delas é a unidade da Bracell – uma das maiores produtoras de celulose do mundo. Com três turbogeradores, a empresa vai produzir 420 MW de energia, sendo parte para suprir a demanda da fábrica, e entre 150 MW e 180 MW para o sistema elétrico nacional.
As eólicas também continuarão reforçando o sistema nacional. Segundo dados da Associação Brasileira de Energia Eólica (Abeeólica), a expectativa é de antecipar cerca de 600 MW de energia neste ano. A previsão inicial era de entregar 2,5 mil MW, mas devido à escassez de água nos reservatórios devem entrar em operação 3,1 mil MW.
Balanço
Pelas estimativas do Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico (ONS), para não ter déficit de energia em outubro e novembro, o País precisará de uma oferta adicional de 4.800 MW médios entre este mês e novembro. Esse total inclui a entrada em operação das térmicas Cuiabá, Uruguaiana, Termonorte 1 e Termonorte 2, além de usinas que estavam com restrição judicial. No início do mês, a Aneel fez a revisão do chamado Custo Variável Unitário (CVU) da produção das usinas para permitir a operação. Outra medida é o aumento da importação de energia dos países vizinhos. Ontem, por exemplo, o Brasil importou cerca de 2 mil MW da Argentina e do Uruguai.
Em apresentação feita aos agentes do mercado, o ONS destacou que “o atendimento energético de 2021 depende da efetividade das medidas em andamento para a viabilização de oferta adicional e para a redução voluntária do consumo”. “Já o atendimento à demanda de ponta em 2021 implica, além da efetividade das medidas em andamento, a necessidade de utilização parcial da reserva operativa (fatia de geração usada para controlar frequência e compensar desequilíbrios entre carga e geração).”
Segundo especialistas, os esforços devem surtir efeito, pelo menos, para evitar um racionamento. Isso não significa, entretanto, que o País estará livre de blecautes localizados. Essa é a estimativa de Adriano Pires. “Com reservatórios secando mais rápido e aumento do calor, o risco de apagões aumentou. Além disso, o cenário para 2022 também fica mais apertado”, afirma ele.
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