Com receio de apagão, órgão exigia que termoelétrica ficasse em operação, mas estatal ignorou pedido, alegando que ela precisava de manutenção; diante da crise hídrica, ONS tem exigido que térmicas funcionem na capacidade máxima
André Borges, O Estado de S.Paulo
BRASÍLIA – O Operador Nacional do Sistema (ONS) pressionou a Petrobras a manter ligada uma termelétrica que precisava de manutenção. Alegando risco de “falha catastrófica” na estrutura da unidade, porém, a Petrobras desligou a usina, conforme mostram comunicados que foram trocados entre a estatal, a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (Aneel) e o ONS obtidos pelo Estadão.
Diariamente, é o ONS que determina o que será gerado em cada uma das usinas em operação no País, como forma de distribuir essa geração entre as diferentes fontes e garantir o equilíbrio dessa divisão. Com o nível dos reservatórios das hidrelétricas muito baixo por causa da pior estiagem dos últimos 91 anos, o órgão tem exigido que usinas de geração térmica – a gás, diesel, biomassa e carvão – funcionem na capacidade máxima para tentar reter mais água nas barragens. Essas determinações, no entanto, têm testado os limites do sistema.
No primeiro fim de semana de setembro, entre os dias 3 e 5, a Petrobras havia comunicado ao Operador que precisaria paralisar as operações de sua usina térmica de Três Lagoas, uma planta de 386 megawatts de potência instalada em Mato Grosso do Sul, porque tinha de fazer uma manutenção importante na estrutura. PUBLICIDADE
A empresa teve o cuidado de agendar o serviço para o fim de semana, quando o consumo elétrico no País diminui, e apresentou a programação com duas semanas de antecedência. Como é praxe no setor, se tratava de uma parada programada, ou seja, uma operação de rotina. Ocorre que o ONS decidiu rejeitar o pedido.
Três dias antes da paralisação agendada, no dia 31 de agosto, o Operador rejeitou o pedido da Petrobras e, sem dar espaço para justificativas, declarou que “em função do cenário energético, com cargas elevadas e alto despacho térmico”, tinha que manter a “máxima disponibilidade de unidades geradoras” e que a paralisação deveria ocorrer apenas no feriado, entre 5 e 7 de setembro.
No dia seguinte, a Petrobras ainda insistiu com o órgão regulador e pediu para que fosse mantida a programação original da intervenção, porque “já não havia tempo hábil para reprogramar a atividade e que essa postergação de data ia contra as recomendações dos especialistas e do fabricante”.
O ONS, porém, voltou a rejeitar as alegações da companhia e, por meio de um e-mail, manteve a ordem de adiar a parada, indicando mais uma vez o cenário de crise energética para adiar a intervenção na usina. Restou à Petrobras ignorar o pedido.
“Diante das recomendações do fabricante (dos equipamentos da usina) e da equipe de engenharia e, ainda, frente ao risco de falha catastrófica desta turbina, a Petrobras necessitou prosseguir com a parada emergencial”, informou a Petrobras, em comunicado ao qual a reportagem teve acesso.https://arte.estadao.com.br/uva/?id=2DYAAz
A parada ocorreu e a empresa fez a manutenção. Em laudo enviado para a Aneel e ONS sobre o assunto, a estatal fez questão de destacar que, ainda em fevereiro, em manutenção de rotina, já havia encontrado danos em partes da estrutura da usina. Os reparos foram feitos em manutenções programadas.
“A Petrobras tenta, sempre que possível, coordenar as intervenções de maneira programada, inclusive enviando notas técnicas explicando a criticidade dos serviços a serem executados, quando necessário, mas existem situações emergenciais com risco para o equipamento ou instalações”, declarou a empresa ao ONS e à Aneel. Nesses casos, afirmou a companhia, é necessário parar de maneira emergencial, inclusive, para evitar situações de desligamento forçado, o que pode causar problemas mais graves a toda programação de geração do setor.
Estresse da estrutura
No início deste mês, a Petrobras se reuniu com representantes do setor elétrico, que cobraram detalhes sobre cada uma das plantas térmicas da companhia e o adiamento de suas manutenções. Há casos de usinas que tinham paradas programadas de até 27 dias, por exemplo, e que a companhia se comprometeu em realizar o trabalho em apenas três dias, de forma a manter a geração plena no maior tempo possível.
O coordenador do Grupo de Estudos do Setor Elétrico (Gesel) da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Nivalde de Castro, alerta sobre os riscos desse estresse na estrutura, uma vez que muitas térmicas não foram concebidas para operarem o tempo todo.
“É uma situação delicada e de risco. O governo está forçando as estruturas, adiando datas ou encurtando paradas, justamente por causa da crise hídrica. Essa situação com a Petrobras é um reflexo dessa crise. A ordem é empurrar com a barriga até onde for possível para preservar água nos reservatórios”, diz Castro.
O risco de apagão fez com a Aneel criasse a bandeira de crise hídrica na conta de luz, que acumula aumentos desde o começo do ano. A energia produzida pela termoelétrica é mais cara do que a gerada pelas usinas hidrelétricas.
Era ‘urgente’ a necessidade de parar
Logo após a Petrobras rejeitar a determinação do ONS e seguir com o plano de paralisar a usina térmica de Três Lagoas, em Mato Grosso do Sul, a Aneel questionou oficialmente a petroleira sobre as causas de ter ignorado a decisão do órgão responsável por gerenciar diariamente o abastecimento do País.
Em resposta encaminhada no dia 10 de setembro, a companhia respondeu à agência que, “mais do que seguir as regras e os procedimentos do Operador”, sempre se posiciona de forma proativa e em parceria com as equipes do órgão, “em postura colaborativa e transparente para evitar desalinhamentos” com o Operador. “Infelizmente, na presente situação, houve necessidade técnica e urgente de parar a unidade”, afirmou a Petrobras.
Procurada pela reportagem, a Petrobras afirmou que “solicitações de adiamento, postergação ou aprovação de paradas fazem parte da rotina operacional de relacionamento com o Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico”. A empresa só não destacou, porém, que a atitude de deixar de seguir essas determinações está longe de qualquer rotina.
A reportagem questionou ainda se a estatal prevê mudanças de data ou reduções de prazo de manutenções já programadas no parque de ao menos dez usinas térmicas sob seu controle. “Todas as térmicas da Petrobras estarão efetivamente em operação até o fim de setembro. Sobre os cronogramas de paradas, a Petrobras seguirá atendendo, sempre que possível, às necessidades do sistema, garantindo a segurança operacional de suas unidades”, declarou.
O ONS informou, por meio de nota, que, “como uma das ações para o enfrentamento da escassez hídrica solicitou, em julho deste ano, a todas as usinas geradoras que adiassem suas manutenções a fim de aumentar a disponibilidade de geração”. Segundo o órgão, “cabe ao agente avaliar a viabilidade técnica e operacional de acatar a solicitação ou não”. O ONS, porém, não comentou o fato de ter rejeitado o pleito feito pela Petrobras, mesmo após a empresa ter argumentado sobre os riscos do adiamento.
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