Não é tão simples, no entanto, viabilizar a social-democracia fora do clube dos países ricos
João Gabriel de Lima, O Estado de S.Paulo
Os Estados Unidos estão se tornando europeus. A frase foi proferida por republicanos críticos ao “American Families Plan” do presidente Joe Biden. O projeto prevê aumento de impostos para ampliar benefícios em saúde e educação. Ou seja, consolidar as bases de um Estado de bem-estar social. Para alguns estudiosos, os Estados Unidos já chegam tarde ao planeta da social-democracia, o estilo de governo predileto do mundo rico. Rejeitá-lo era uma espécie de “excepcionalismo americano”, nas palavras do professor James Traub, da Universidade de Nova York.
Para o cientista político Lane Kenworthy, mover-se na direção da social-democracia é uma consequência natural do enriquecimento das nações. Esse é o argumento – baseado em evidências – do recém-lançado “Social Democratic Capitalism”. O livro mostra que cidadãos de países afluentes demandam seguros sociais que os atendam em momentos de dificuldade, como doenças – e tal sentimento ficou ainda mais forte na pandemia. Querem também viver em sociedades mais justas, sem pressões de segurança pública.
As nações ricas caminham para a social-democracia em diferentes velocidades. Os Estados Unidos cumpriram o básico: democracia, capitalismo e educação fundamental gratuita. Países europeus foram além ao criar uma rede de proteção social. É o caso da Alemanha, cuja social-democracia é consenso à esquerda e à direita – a conservadora Angela Merkel é uma defensora feroz do Estado de bem-estar.
Os países nórdicos atingiram o estado da arte da social-democracia. Além de cumprirem os requisitos acima, Suécia, Dinamarca – e, em menor medida, Finlândia e Noruega– criaram um sistema que promove o pleno emprego. Ele inclui flexibilização das leis trabalhistas, para facilitar contratações, e programas de treinamento e requalificação para os trabalhadores, com o intuito de torná-los competitivos num mercado cada vez mais exigente e digital.
E o Brasil? “Fomos além de outros países da América Latina na direção da social-democracia”, diz o economista Pedro Nery, personagem do mini-podcast da semana. Em um texto sobre o livro de Kenworthy publicado no Estadão, Nery afirma que o Brasil precisa desesperadamente de uma agenda do tipo social-democrata, diante da desigualdade histórica e do aumento recente da pobreza e do desemprego.
Os brasileiros optaram por um estado de bem-estar social na Constituição de 1988. A universalização do ensino fundamental e a criação do Sistema Único de Saúde, tão importante no combate à pandemia, são expressões dessa escolha. Não é tão simples, no entanto, viabilizar uma social-democracia fora do clube dos países ricos.
Kenworthy mostra em seu livro que, nas social-democracias, cabe principalmente à classe média financiar os benefícios dos cidadãos vulneráveis. Isso é especialmente complexo num país em que apenas 5% ganham mais de R$ 5 mil, e metade da população sobrevive com menos que um salário mínimo. Outra dificuldade é cobrar impostos de trabalhadores informais ou em situação precária.
Ao contrário do que diz o clichê, o Estado de bem-estar social não é privilégio dos nórdicos. Para Kenworthy, qualquer país pode chegar lá, se houver governantes adestrados na arte da negociação – desafio imenso numa sociedade complexa como a nossa. O Brasil decidiu em 1988 ser o modelo de social-democracia na América Latina. Cumprir tal tarefa equivale a tirar do papel o que está estabelecido em nossa Constituição.
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