Veloz fumaça
Com sua locomotiva ‘Mallard’, o engenheiro Nigel Gresley definiu um inusitado recorde e continua invicto desde junho de 1938
Fabio Marton – UOL
Nos últimos anos de sua vida, o engenheiro Sir Nigel Gresley, responsável pelas mais icônicas máquinas na rede ferroviária britânica, adquiriu um hobby: criar patos selvagens. Isso explica sua aparentemente estranha decisão de batizar sua locomotiva campeã de pato (“mallard”). A Mallard, locomotiva número 4468, chegou a 203 km/h em 3 de junho de 1938, recorde ainda hoje não superado entre locomotivas a vapor.
Era um dos 35 exemplares de LNER (London and North Eastern Railway) Class A4. Estreando em 1935, essas máquinas foram projetadas para uma velocidade de cruzeiro de 160 km/h, ideal para longas viagens. No pós-guerra, passou a fazer a linha Londres-Edimburgo, de 632 quilômetros, em seis horas e meia.
A A4 era uma streamliner (literalmente “[feita com] linha de fluxo”, mais propriamente “aerodinâmica”). Com a evolução da aviação na Primeira Guerra, houve um radical avanço no conhecimento de aerodinâmica. Trens com esse formato, a vapor ou diesel, eram a promessa do futuro nos anos 30. O A4 foi usado até 1963.
1. Propulsão
O Classe A4 era um motor a vapor clássico a pistão (na época, a turbina de vapor já era uma opção). Uma fogueira de carvão faz a fumaça passar por uma série de tubos, numa caldeira, fazendo a água ferver e se pressurizar. Isso move os três pistões de vapor abaixo da caldeira, que transmitem seu movimento às rodas.
2. Estilo
O primeiro streamliner foi o experimental Schienenzeppelin (zepelim de trilhos), um trem movido a hélice de avião, de 1929. Extremamente perigoso para os passageiros, não deu em nada. Mas a aerodinâmica, sim. Nos anos 30, se estenderia não só para carros como até para a arquitetura, no movimento Art Déco.https://8a93ce709e4477aed0c7f77829d551ae.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-38/html/container.html
3. Rodas
O esquema de rodas era o clássico 4-6-2: quatro rodas guia, pequenas e sem tração, para facilitar curvas; seis rodas motrizes; e duas rodas portantes, para segurar o peso da fornalha. As rodas motrizes eram gigantescas, com 2,03 metros de diâmetro. Proporcionavam tração sem girar de forma perigosamente rápida.
4. Visibilidade
Uma das vantagens do estilo aerodinâmico era que a carroceria forçava o ar para cima, tirando a fumaça da frente do trem. Ainda que as janelas fossem minúsculas, os condutores do Classe A4 tinham uma visibilidade bem acima da média.https://8a93ce709e4477aed0c7f77829d551ae.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-38/html/container.html
5. Ecológico
Além da aerodinâmica, o formato da caldeira e a chaminé dupla especial introduzida no Mallard e adotada nos anos 50 nas outras locomotivas da série fazia com que os trens economizassem até 2 quilos de carvão por quilômetro rodado.
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